Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner A physician—also known as doctor of medicine, medical doctor, or simply doctor—practices the ancient profession of medicine, which is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease or injury. This properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines underlying, either the initial training to become a doctor A physician—also known as doctor of medicine, medical doctor, or simply doctor—practices the ancient profession of medicine, which is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease or injury. This properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines underlying (i.e., medical school A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine. In addition to a medical degree program, some medical schools offer programs leading to a Master's Degree, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Bachelor/Doctor of Medicine (MBBS, BMed, MDCM, MD, MBChB, etc), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO- and internship) or additional training thereafter (e.g., residency Residency is a stage of graduate medical training. A resident physician or resident is a person who has received a medical degree (MD, DO, MBBS, MBChB) and who practices medicine under the supervision of fully licensed physicians, usually in a hospital or clinic. A residency may follow the internship year or include the internship year as the and fellowship A fellowship is the period of medical training in the United States and Canada that a physician may undertake after completing a specialty training program. During this time , the physician is known as a fellow. Fellows are capable of acting as attending physician or consultant physician in the generalist field in which they were trained, such as).
Medical education and training varies considerably across the world. Various teaching methodologies have been utilised in medical education, which is an active area of educational research.[1]
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Entry-level education
Main article: Medical school A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine. In addition to a medical degree program, some medical schools offer programs leading to a Master's Degree, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Bachelor/Doctor of Medicine (MBBS, BMed, MDCM, MD, MBChB, etc), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO-Entry-level medical education programs are tertiary-level courses undertaken at a medical school A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine. In addition to a medical degree program, some medical schools offer programs leading to a Master's Degree, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Bachelor/Doctor of Medicine (MBBS, BMed, MDCM, MD, MBChB, etc), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO-. Depending on jurisdiction and university, these may be either undergraduate-entry (most of Europe, India, China), or graduate-entry programs (mainly Australia and Canada), or second entry degrees A second entry degree is term used for an academic degree that requires at minimum 1-3 years of pre-requisite university courses for admission. It is most commonly used to refer to first professional degree programs in Canada and the United States (United States).
Generally, initial training is taken at medical school A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine. In addition to a medical degree program, some medical schools offer programs leading to a Master's Degree, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Bachelor/Doctor of Medicine (MBBS, BMed, MDCM, MD, MBChB, etc), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO-. Traditionally initial medical education is divided between preclinical and clinical studies. The former consists of the basic sciences such as anatomy Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology, through common roots in, physiology Physiology is the science of the functioning of living systems. It is a subcategory of biology. In physiology, the scientific method is applied to determine how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical function that they have in a living system. The word physiology is from Ancient Greek: φύσις, biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structures and functions of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. Over the last 40 years biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life, pharmacology Pharmacology is the study of drug action. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions,, pathology In medicine, pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease. The related scientific study of disease processes is called "general pathology". Medical pathology is divided into two main branches, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Medical pathologists work through examination of organs, tissues, bodily fluids, and whole bodies. The latter consists of teaching in the various areas of clinical medicine such as internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Doctors of Internal Medicine, also known as internists, are sometimes referred to as the "doctor's doctor," because they are often called upon to act as consultants to other physicians to help solve puzzling diagnostic, pediatrics Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. The upper age limit of such patients ranges from age 12 to 21. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician. The word pediatrics and its cognates mean healer of children; they derive from two Greek words: π, obstetrics and gynecology Obstetrics and Gynaecology are the two surgical specialties dealing with the female reproductive organs, and as such are often combined to form a single medical specialty and postgraduate training program. This combined training prepares the practicing OB/GYN to be adept at the surgical management of the entire scope of clinical pathology, psychiatry Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders—which include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual disorders. The term was first coined by the German physician Johann Christian Reil in 1808. It literally means the 'medical treatment of the mind' . A medical doctor specializing in, and surgery Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, and sometimes for religious reasons. An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply. Increasingly, however, medical programs are using systems-based curricula in which learning is integrated, and several institutions do this.
There has been a proliferation of programmes that combine medical training with research (MD PhD) or management programmes (MD MBA), although this has been criticised.[2]
Post-graduate education
Following completion of entry-level training, newly graduated doctors are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before full registration is granted; this is most often of one year duration and may be referred to as "internship" or "provisional registration" or "residency Residency is a stage of graduate medical training. A resident physician or resident is a person who has received a medical degree (MD, DO, MBBS, MBChB) and who practices medicine under the supervision of fully licensed physicians, usually in a hospital or clinic. A residency may follow the internship year or include the internship year as the".
Further training in a particular field of medicine may be undertaken. In some jurisdictions this is commenced immediately following completion of entry-level training, whilst other jurisdictions require junior doctors to undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing specialisation.
Increasingly education theory itself is becoming an integral part of postgraduate medical training. Formal qualifications in education are becoming the norm for Medical School educators who are becoming increasingly accountable for their students.
Continuing Medical Education
In most countries, Continuing Medical Education Continuing medical education refers to a specific form of continuing education (CE) that helps those in the medical field maintain competence and learn about new and developing areas of their field. These activities may take place as live events, written publications, online programs, audio, video, or other electronic media. Content for these or CME courses are required for continued licensing [3]. CME requirements vary by state and by country. In the USA, accreditation is overseen by the ACCME.
Medical Education Online (Medical e-Learning)
Increasingly, Medical Education around the world is being supported by online teaching, usually within Learning Management Systems (LMSs) or Virtual Learning Environment (VLEs). Research areas into online medical education are wide-ranging, and include:[4][5]
- The roles of the participants (student, teacher, administrators)
- Content generation, especially in a wide range of media
- The use of LMSs, VLEs and other systems, and open-source vs. proprietary, methods of interaction
- The use online medication education in Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
- Practical applications, virtual patients
- Distance learning
- Assessment
- Electronic Portfolios (e-Portfolios)
- Mobile Learning (M-Learning)
- Problems with technology
- Accessibility
- The Politics and Psychology of e-learning
- Legal and Ethical Issues
- Economics
- Design Issues
- Standards and Specifications
Example of medical education systems
Presently, in the United Kingdom, a typical medicine course at university is 5 years or 4 years if the student already holds a degree. Amongst some institutions and for some students, it may be 6 years (including the selection of an intercalated BSc—taking one year—at some point after the pre-clinical studies). All programs culminate in the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae , are the two first professional degrees awarded upon graduation from medical school in medicine and surgery by universities in various countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom. The naming suggests that they are two separate degree (abbreviated MB BChir, BM BCh, MB BCh, MB ChB, BM BS, MB BS etc.). This is followed by 2 clinical foundation years afterwards, namely F1 and F2 similar to internship training. Students register with the UK General Medical Council The General Medical Council registers and regulates doctors in the United Kingdom. It has the power to revoke the registration, or place restrictions on it, if they deem a doctor unfit to practise in the UK. The current president of the council is Professor Peter Rubin at the end of F1. At the end of F2, they may pursue further years of study.
In the US and Canada, a potential medical student must first complete an undergraduate degree in any subject before applying to a graduate medical school to pursue an (M.D. It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree in some countries, including the United States and Canada, although training is entered after obtaining from 90 to 120 credit hours of university level work (see second entry degree) and in most cases after having obtained a Bachelors Degree. In other countries, such as United Kingdom and or D.O. "D.O." redirects to this page, which primarily discusses relevant qualifications and titles in the United States. In several other countries, "D.O." means "Diploma in Osteopathy", see also Osteopathy. For other uses of D.O. or DO, see DO) program. Some students opt for the research-focused MD/PhD dual degree, which is usually completed in 7–10 years. There are certain courses which are pre-requisite for being accepted to medical school, such as general chemistry Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical, organic chemistry Organic chemistry is a discipline within chemistry that involves the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. These compounds may contain any number of other elements, including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens as well as, physics Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space-time, as well as all applicable concepts, such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves, mathematics Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions, biology Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy, English English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of, labwork, etc. The specific requirements vary by school.
In Australia, there are two pathways to a medical degree. Students can choose to take a five or six year undergraduate medical degree Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae , are the two first professional degrees awarded upon graduation from medical school in medicine and surgery by universities in various countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom. The naming suggests that they are two separate (MBBS or BMed) straight from high school, or complete a bachelors degree (generally three years, usually in the medical sciences) and then apply for a four year graduate entry Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, or in Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae , are the two first professional degrees awarded upon graduation from medical school in medicine and surgery by universities in various countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom. The naming suggests that they are two separate (MBBS) program.
See:
- Medical education in the United States Medical education in the United States includes educational activities involved in the education and training of medical doctors in the United States, from entry-level training through to continuing education of qualified specialists
- Medical education in Australia
- Medical education in Canada
- Medical education in the United Kingdom
- Medical education in China
- Medical College (India)
- Medical education in Hong Kong
- Medical education in the Philippines
- Medical education in South Africa
See also
- Clinical Skills Online
- Doctors to Be (an occasional series on BBC television)
- List of medical education agencies
- List of medical schools Medical schools are developed, monitored and credentialed by national organizations in each country. The agency responsible for this recognition in most countries is the Ministry of Health. Medical schools that are recognized by the appropriate agencies in their respective countries are listed in the International Medical Education Directory or
- Objective Structured Clinical Examination An Objective Structured Clinical Examination is a modern type of examination often used in health sciences (e.g. medicine, chiropractic, physical therapy, radiography, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry) to test clinical skill performance and competence in skills such as communication, clinical examination, medical procedures / prescription, exercise
- Validation of foreign studies and degrees
- Virtual Patients The term 'virtual patient' is used to describe interactive computer simulations used in health care education. Virtual patients allow the learner to take the role of a health care professional and develop clinical skills such as making diagnoses and therapuetic decisions The use of virtual patient programmes is increasing in healthcare education,
References
- ^ Flores-Mateo G, Argimon JM (26 July 2007). "Evidence based practice in postgraduate healthcare education: a systematic review". BMC Health Serv Res 7: 119. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1186/1472-6963-7-119. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 17655743.
- ^ Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR, Natt N, Rohren CH (2007). "Prolonged delays for research training in medical school are associated with poorer subsequent clinical knowledge". J Gen Intern Med 22: 1101. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1007/s11606-007-0200-x. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 17492473.
- ^ Ahmed K; Ashrafian H; Hanna GB; Darzi A; Athanasiou T. (Oct 2009). Assessment of specialists in cardiovascular practice. Nature Rev Cardiol [[http://www.nature.com/nrcardio/journal/v6/n10/pdf/nrcardio.2009.155.pdf ]]
- ^ Ellaway R, Masters K. (2008). "AMEE Guide 32: e-Learning in medical education Part 1: Learning, teaching and assessment". Med Teach 30 (5): 455–473. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1080/01421590802108331. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 18576185.
- ^ Masters K, Ellaway R (2008). "e-Learning in medical education Guide 32 Part 2: Technology, management and design". Med Teach 30 (5): 474–489. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1080/01421590802108349. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 18576186.
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