A specialty in medicine Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Before scientific medicine, healing arts were practised in accordance with alchemical treatments and ritual practices that developed out of religious and cultural traditions is a branch of medical science. After completing medical school A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine. In addition to a medical degree program, some medical schools offer programs leading to a Master's Degree, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Bachelor/Doctor of Medicine (MBBS, BMed, MDCM, MD, MBChB, etc), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO-, physicians A physician—also known as doctor of medicine, medical doctor, or simply doctor—practices the ancient profession of medicine, which is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease or injury. This properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines underlying or surgeons In medicine, a surgeon is a person who performs surgery. Surgery is a broad category of invasive medical treatment that involves the cutting of a body, whether human or animal, for a specific reason such to remove a diseased organ or to repair a tear or breakage. Surgeons may be physicians, dentists, podiatrists or veterinarians. In earlier times, usually further their medical education Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, either the initial training to become a doctor or additional training thereafter (e.g., residency and fellowship) in a specific specialty of medicine by completing a multiple year residency Residency is a stage of graduate medical training. A resident physician or resident is a person who has received a medical degree (MD, DO, MBBS, MBChB) and who practices medicine under the supervision of fully licensed physicians, usually in a hospital or clinic. A residency may follow the internship year or include the internship year as the. Medical practitioners A physician—also known as doctor of medicine, medical doctor, or simply doctor—practices the ancient profession of medicine, which is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease or injury. This properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines underlying who engage in a medical specialty are known as medical specialists.

Contents

Medical specialties

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (January 2010)

In this table, as in many healthcare arenas, medical specialties are organized into the following groups:

Specialty Code Group Subspecialties Focus Salary (USD)[1]
Anesthesia Anesthesia, or anaesthesia , has traditionally meant the condition of having sensation (including the feeling of pain) blocked or temporarily taken away. It is a pharmacologically induced reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes and/or decreased stress response. This allows patients to AN, PAN Surgery[2] Pediatrics, Pain management Pain management is that branch of medicine employing an interdisciplinary approach to easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those living with pain. The typical pain management team includes medical practitioners, clinical psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and nurse practitioners. Pain sometimes resolves, Intensive Care Intensive care medicine or critical care medicine is a branch of medicine concerned with the provision of life support or organ support systems in patients who are critically ill and who usually require intensive monitoring, Critical Care, Ob/gyn, Cardiothoracic anesthesiology Cardiothoracic anesthesiology is a subspeciality of the medical practice of anesthesiology devoted to the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care of adult patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery and related invasive procedures. It is one of the most interesting and challenging careers in anesthesiology.[citation needed], Trauma Care, Pre and Post Operative Assessment and Care, Generalist (covers all the sub-specialities) Anesthesia Anesthesia, or anaesthesia , has traditionally meant the condition of having sensation (including the feeling of pain) blocked or temporarily taken away. It is a pharmacologically induced reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes and/or decreased stress response. This allows patients to: Airway management in emergent and elective surgical procedures, keep patients stable during the controlled trauma of surgery, expertise of the application of pharmacology and physiology to dull sensation or awareness 344,691
Cardiology Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart. The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called cardiologists. Cardiologists should not be confused with Medicine Disease of the cardiovascular system The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients , gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. The field is commonly divided into subdisciplines dealing with congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. 370,295
Cardiovascular surgery Cardiac surgery is a surgery on the heart and/or great vessels performed by a cardiac surgeon. Frequently, it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease , correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease created by various causes including endocarditis. It also includes heart transplantation Surgery The heart The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system , that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term cardiac (as in cardiology) means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek καρδιά, kardia, for "heart." and major blood vessels of the chest. 460,000
Clinical laboratory A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient as pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease sciences Diagnostic Application of diagnostic techniques in medical laboratories such as assays An assay is a procedure in molecular biology for testing or measuring the activity of a drug or biochemical in an organism or organic sample. A quantitative assay may also measure the amount of a substance in a sample. Bioassays and immunoassays are among the many varieties of specialized biochemical assays. Other assays measure processes such as, microscope A microscope is an instrument to see objects too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope analysis. 160,300 [3]
Clinical Neurophysiology In some countries it is a part of neurology or psychiatry, for example the United States and Germany. In others it is an autonomous speciality, such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, the United Kingdom, Finland, Sweden and Norway Diagnostic The physiology or function of the central and peripheral nervous systems. These kinds of tests can be divided into recordings of: (1) spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or (2) stimulus evoked responses.
Dermatology Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases, a unique specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist takes care of diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails D, DS Medicine Dermatopathology, Mohs Surgery Skin The skin is a soft outer covering of an animal, in particular a vertebrate. Other animal coverings such the arthropod exoskeleton or the seashell have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" . In mammals, the skin is the largest organ of the integumentary and its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands etc). 316,473
Emergency medicine Emergency medicine is a medical specialty in which a physician receives practical training to care for patients with acute illnesses or injuries which require immediate medical attention. While not usually providing long-term or continuing care, emergency medicine physicians diagnose a variety of illnesses and undertake acute interventions to EM Medicine Palliative medicine, medical toxicology, pediatric emergency medicine, sports medicine, undersea and hyperbaric medicine The initial management of emergent medical conditions, often in hospital emergency departments or the field. 255,530
Endocrinology Medicine The endocrine system (i.e. endocrine glands and hormones) and its diseases, including diabetes and thyroid diseases. 212,281 [4]
Family Medicine FM Medicine
  • Adolescent Medicine
  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Hospice and Palliative Medicine
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Sports Medicine
Continuing, comprehensive health care for the individual and family, integrating the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to treat patients of all ages, sexes, organ systems, and diseases. 161,200
Gastroenterology GI Medicine The alimentary tract. 395,162
General surgery GS Surgery Cosmetic surgery, Trauma surgery, Colorectal surgery Traditionally, it was surgery of the skin, endocrine glands, and abdomen (and, sometimes, the mammary glands). In some countries, it is still deemed a prerequisite training prior to progression to training in certain subspecialties, but lately has evolved into its own subspecialty. 327,902
Geriatrics IMG Medicine[2] Elderly patients. 177,392
Hematology Medicine The blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. Hematology is grouped with oncology in the US, but not in the UK. 283,000
Hepatology Medicine The liver and biliary tract, usually a part of gastroenterology.
Infectious disease ID Medicine Diseases caused by biological agents. 168,000
Intensive care medicine Medicine Life support and management of critically ill patients, often in an ICU. 273,520
Maxillofacial surgery Maxfacs, OMFS Surgery Craniofacial surgery, Head and neck, facial cosmetic surgery, Craniomaxillofacial trauma Disease of the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region.
Nephrology Medicine Kidney disease.
Neurology N Medicine Diseases involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems 236,500
Neurosurgery NS Surgery Disease of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and spinal column. 460,000
Obstetrics and gynecology OB/GYN Surgery[2] Female reproductive organs, pregnancy, and childbirth. 299,620 [6]
Oncology ON Medicine Cancer and other malignant diseases, often grouped with hematology. 371,218
Ophthalmology OPH Surgery Diseases of the visual pathways, including the eyes, brain, etc. 295,510
Orthopedic surgery ORS Surgery hand surgery, surgical sports medicine, adult reconstruction, spine surgery, foot and ankle, musculoskeletal oncology, orthopaedic trauma surgery, paediatric orthopedic surgery Injury and disease of the musculoskeletal system. 436,481
Otolaryngology, or ENT ORL, ENT Surgery Head and neck, facial cosmetic surgery, Neurotology, Laryngology Treatment of ear, nose, and throat disorders. The term head and neck surgery defines a closely related specialty which is concerned mainly with the surgical management of cancer of the same anatomical structures. 397,399
Palliative care PLM Medicine A relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with terminal illnesses including cancer and heart failure.
Pathology PTH Diagnostic Understanding disease through examination of molecules, cells, tissues and organs. The term encompasses both the medical specialty which uses tissues and body fluids to obtain clinically useful information, as well as the related scientific study of disease processes. 247,506
Pediatrics PD Medicine Children. Like Internal medicine, pediatrics has many subspecialities for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery. Most subspecialities of adult medicine have a pediatric equivalent such as pediatric cardiology, pediatric endocrinology, pediatric gastroenterology, pediatric hematology, pediatric oncology, pediatric ophthalmology, and neonatology. deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents (from newborn to age 16-21, depending on the country). 185,913[7]
Pediatric surgery Surgery Treats a wide variety of thoracic and abdominal (and sometimes urologic) diseases of childhood. 400,591
Physical medicine and rehabilitation PM&R Medicine (or physiatry) is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or congenital disorders. 236,500
Plastic surgery PS Surgery Cosmetic surgery, Burn, Microsurgery, Hand surgery, Craniofacial surgery Elective cosmetic surgery as well as reconstructive surgery after traumatic or operative mutilation. 349,499 [8]
Proctology PRO Medicine (or Colorectal Surgery) Treats disease in the rectum, anus, and colon.
Psychiatry P Medicine The bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. Related non-medical fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology. 200,871
Pulmonology Medicine The lungs and respiratory system. Pulmonology is generally considered a branch of internal medicine, although it is closely related to intensive care medicine when dealing with patients requiring mechanical ventilation. 265,907
Radiology R, DR Diagnostic The use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis. X-rays, etc. 440,004
Rheumatology RHU Medicine Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases of the joints and other organ systems, such as arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. 219,411
Surgical oncology SO Surgery Curative and palliative surgical approaches to cancer treatment.
Thoracic surgery TS Surgery Surgery of the organs of the thoracic cavity: the heart, lungs, and great vessels. 376,000 [9]
Transplant surgery TTS Surgery Transplantation of organs from one body to another.
Trauma surgery TRS Surgery Surgical treatment of traumatic injury. 352,971
Urology U Surgery Urinary tracts of males and females, and the male reproductive system. It is often practiced together with andrology ("men's health"). 365,999
Vascular surgery VS Surgery The peripheral blood vessels, i.e. those outside of the chest (usually operated on by cardiovascular surgeons) and of the central nervous system (treated by neurosurgery). 365,882

Salary

The mean annual salary of a medical specialist is $175,011[10] in the US, and $272,000 [10] for surgeons. However, because of commodity inflation, increasing negligent costs, steep price rise of rental, the annual salary range of a medical specialist varies and is not rising as fast as other professional pay.

Specialties by country

Australia and New Zealand

Specialty training in Australia and New Zealand is overseen by the specialty colleges:

Asia (from eGuide Business Directories)

Canada

Specialty training in Canada is overseen by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

India

Specialty training in India is overseen by the Medical Council of India which is responsible for recognition of post graduate training and by the National Board of Examinations. and education of Ayurveda in overseen by Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM), the council conducts u.g and p.g courses all over India, while Central Council of Homoeopathy does the same in the field of Homeopathy.

United States

There are three agencies or organizations in the United States which collectively oversee physician board certification of MD and DO (osteopathic) physicians in the 26 approved medical specialties recognized in the United States. These organizations are the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) and the American Medical Association; the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists (AOABOS) and the American Osteopathic Association; the American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS) and the American Association of Physician Specialists. Each of these agencies and their associated national medical organization functions as its various specialty academies, colleges and societies.

Certifying Board National Organization Physician Type
ABMS AMA MD and DO
AOA-BOS AOA DO Only
ABPS AAPS MD and DO

All boards of certification now require that medical practitioners demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of the core knowledge and skills for a chosen specialty. Recertification varies by particular specialty between every seven and every ten years.

Other uses

In the U.S. Army, the term "medical specialist" refers to occupational therapists, physical therapists, dietitians and physician assistants, also known as allied health professionals. Also included in the term "medical specialist", but not in the term "allied health professional" are EMT/combat medics.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Annual. Unless else specified in table, then ref is:'Integrated Care' Practices Adjust Pay, Seek New Markets as Budgets Shrink, June, 2002]
  2. ^ a b c Regeringen.se - new grouping of the medical specialties
  3. ^ for an Allergist
  4. ^ [1]: 2009 AMGA Physician Compensation Data
  5. ^ New York Times - 2 Lose Pay in Inquiry Into Fertility Clinic. Published: January 22, 1996, calculated as a mean value of the values provided, multiplicated with estimated 9 months per year yields 300,800
  6. ^ aamc.org : mean of: 219,000 to 302,192
  7. ^ payscale.com
  8. ^ mdsalaries.blogspot.com taking the mean values between: Houston, TX: 300.000, Los Angeles, CA: 326,000, Miami, FL: 300,000, New York, NY: 341,000, Seattle, WA: 317,000.
  9. ^ aamc.org: Mean of 218,550 to 533,000
  10. ^ a b ibmdllc.com -Physician income not rising as fast as other professional pay
Health science > Medicine
Specialties and subspecialties
Surgery

Cardiac surgery · Cardiothoracic surgery · Colorectal surgery · General surgery · Neurosurgery · Ophthalmology · Oral and maxillofacial surgery · Orthopedic surgery (Hand surgery) · Otolaryngology (ENT) · Pediatric surgery · Plastic surgery · Surgical oncology · Thoracic surgery · Transplant surgery · Trauma surgery · Urology · Vascular surgery

Internal medicine

Allergy/Immunology · Angiology (Vascular Medicine) · Andrology · Cardiology · Endocrinology · Gastroenterology (Hepatology) · Geriatrics · Hematology · Infectious disease · Nephrology · Oncology · Pulmonology · Rheumatology

Diagnostic

Clinical laboratory sciences (Cellular pathology, Clinical chemistry, Clinical microbiology, Clinical immunology, Transfusion medicine) · Radiology (Interventional radiology, Nuclear medicine) · Pathology (Anatomical, Clinical) · Clinical neurophysiology

Other specialties

Addiction medicine · Adolescent medicine · Anesthesiology · Dermatology · Disaster medicine · Emergency medicine · Family medicine · General practice · Gynaecology · Hospital medicine · Intensive-care medicine · Medical genetics · Neurology · Obstetrics · Occupational medicine · Ophthalmology · Pain medicine (Algiatry) · Palliative care · Pediatrics (Neonatology) · Physical medicine and rehabilitation (Physiatry) · Preventive medicine · Psychiatry · Podiatry · Reproductive medicine (Fertility medicine, Reproductive surgery) · Sexual medicine · Sleep medicine · Sports medicine · Transplantation medicine · Tropical medicine

Others

Physician (MD/MBBS and DO) · Physician assistant

Biomedical research · Epidemiology · Pharmacy · Public health

History of medicine · Medical education · Medical school · Personalized medicine

Categories: Medical specialties

 

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