A major option for many mental disorders is psychotherapy Psychotherapy is an intentional interpersonal relationship used by trained psychotherapists to aid a client in problems of living. It aims to increase the individual's well-being. Psychotherapists employ a range of techniques based on experiential relationship building, dialogue, communication and behavior change and that are designed to improve. Psychotherapy is an interpersonal intervention, usually provided by a mental health professional A mental health professional is a person who offers services for the purpose of improving an individual's mental health or to treat mental illness. This broad category includes psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, clinical social workers, psychiatric nurses, mental health counselors as well as many other professionals. These professionals often, that employs any of a range of specific psychological techniques. There are several main types. Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that aims to influence dysfunctional emotions, behaviors and cognitions through a goal-oriented, systematic procedure. CBT can be seen as an umbrella term for a number of psychological techniques that share a theoretical basis in behavioristic learning theory and cognitive psychology (CBT) is used for a wide variety of disorders, based on modifying the patterns of thought and behavior associated with a particular disorder. There are various kinds of CBT therapy, and offshoots such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian Physician Sigmund Freud and continued by others. It is primarily devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior, although it also can be applied to societies, addressing underlying psychic conflicts and defenses, has been a dominant school of psychotherapy and is still in use. Systemic Therapy Systemic therapy is a school of psychology which seeks to address people not on individual level, as had been the focus of earlier forms of therapy, but as people in relationship, dealing with the interactions of groups and their interactional patterns and dynamics or Family therapy Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy and family systems therapy, is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. It tends to view change in terms of the systems of interaction between family members. It emphasizes family relationships as an is sometimes used, addressing a network of relationships as well as an individual themselves. Some psychotherapies are based on a humanistic Humanistic psychology is a school of psychology that emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. It is explicitly concerned with the human dimension of psychology and the human context for the development of psychological theory approach. Some therapies are for a specific disorder only, for example interpersonal and social rhythm therapy.

Mental health professionals often pick and choose techniques, employing an eclectic or integrative approach Integrative psychotherapy may involve the fusion of different schools of psychotherapy. The word 'integrative' in Integrative psychotherapy may also refer to integrating the personality and making it cohesive, and to the bringing together of the "affective, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological systems within a person" tailored to a particular disorder and individual. Much may depend on the therapeutic relationship The therapeutic relationship, also called the helping alliance, the therapeutic alliance, and the working alliance, refers to the relationship between a mental health professional and a patient. It is the means by which the professional hopes to engage with, and effect change in, a patient, and there may be issues of trust Trust is a relationship of reliance. A trusted party is presumed to seek to fulfill policies, ethical codes, law and their previous promises, confidentiality Confidentiality has been defined by the International Organization for Standardization in ISO-17799 as "ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access" and is one of the cornerstones of information security. Confidentiality is one of the design goals for many cryptosystems, made possible in practice by and engagement An engagement is a promise to marriage, and also the period of time between proposal and marriage – which may be lengthy or trivial. During this period, a couple is said to be affianced, betrothed, engaged to be married, or simply engaged. Future brides and bridegrooms are often referred to as fiancées or fiancés (grooms).

Medication

Psychiatric medication A psychiatric medication is a licenced psychoactive drug taken to exert an effect on the mental state and used to treat mental disorders. Usually prescribed in psychiatric settings, these medications are typically made of synthetic chemical compounds, although some are naturally occurring[citation needed] is also widely used to treat mental disorders. These are licenced psychoactive A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. These drugs may be used recreationally to purposefully alter one's consciousness, as entheogens for ritual or drugs usually prescribed A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained. The term is used to distinguish it from over-the-counter drugs which can be obtained without a prescription. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what constitutes a prescription drug by a psychiatrist A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry and is certified in treating mental disorders. All psychiatrists are trained in diagnostic evaluation and in psychotherapy. And, as part of their evaluation of the patient, psychiatrists are one of only a few mental health professionals who may prescribe psychiatric medication, conduct or family doctor. There are several main groups. Antidepressants An antidepressant is a psychiatric medication used to alleviate mood disorders, such as major depression and dysthymia. Drugs including the monoamine oxidase inhibitors , tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are used for the treatment of clinical depression Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. The term "major depressive disorder" was selected by the American Psychiatric Association to designate this symptom cluster as a mood disorder in as well as often for anxiety and other disorders. Anxiolytics An anxiolytic is a drug prescribed for the treatment of symptoms of anxiety. Some anxiolytics have been shown to be useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders, as have antidepressants such as the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used, generally shorter-term, for anxiety disorders and related problems such as insomnia. Mood stabilizers One use is in bipolar disorder, where mood stabilizers suppress swings between mania and depression are used primarily in bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, manic depressive disorder or bipolar affective disorder, is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood clinically referred to as mania or, if milder, hypomania. Individuals who experience manic, mainly targeting mania Mania is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood, energy, unusual thought patterns and sometimes psychosis. There are several possible causes for mania including drug abuse and brain tumors, but it is most often associated with bipolar disorder, where episodes of mania alternate with episodes of major depression. These rather than depression. Antipsychotics Antipsychotics are a group of psychoactive drugs commonly but not exclusively used to treat psychosis, which is typified by schizophrenia. Over time a wide range of antipsychotics have been developed. A first generation of antipsychotics, known as typical antipsychotics, was discovered in the 1950s. Most of the drugs in the second generation, are used for psychotic disorders Psychosis , with adjective psychotic, literally means abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality". People suffering from psychosis are said to be psychotic, notably in schizophrenia Schizophrenia (pronounced /ˌskɪtsɵˈfrɛniə/ or /ˌskɪtsɵˈfriːniə/), from the Greek roots skhizein (σχίζειν, "to split") and phrēn, phren- (φρήν, φρεν-; "mind") is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental disorder characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. Stimulants Stimulants, also sometimes called psychostimulants, are psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others. Due to their effects typically having an "up" quality to them, are commonly used, notably for ADHD Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder. ADHD is defined as a “persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity—impulsivity that is more frequently displayed and more severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.” It is the most commonly diagnosed.

Despite the different conventional names of the drug groups, there can be considerable overlap in the kinds of disorders for which they are actually indicated. There may also be off-label use Off-label use is the practice of prescribing pharmaceuticals for a purpose outside the scope of a drug's approved label, most often concerning the drug's indication. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration requires numerous clinical trials to prove a drug's safety and efficacy in treating a given disease or condition. If satisfied. There can be problems with adverse effects In medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery. An adverse effect may be termed a "side effect", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect, and may result from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure, which could be due to medical and adherence Compliance is a medical term that means the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication&mdsash;drug compliance—but may also mean use of medical appliances such as compression stockings, chronic wound care, self-directed physiotherapy exercises, or attending counseling or other courses of.

Other

Electroconvulsive therapy ECT is sometimes used, for example in prolonged mood disorder unresponsive to other interventions. Psychosurgery Psychosurgery is a subset of neurosurgery intended to modulate the performance of the brain, and thus effect changes in cognition, with the intent to treat or alleviate severe mental illness. It was originally thought that by severing the nerves that give power to ideas you would achieve the desirable result of a loss of affect and an emotional, including Deep brain stimulation In neurotechnology, deep brain stimulation is a surgical treatment involving the implantation of a medical device called a brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. DBS in select brain regions has provided remarkable therapeutic benefits for otherwise treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders such, is another available treatment for some disorders.[citation needed]

Creative therapies are sometimes used, including music therapy Music therapy is an interpersonal process in which the therapist uses music and all of its facets—physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual—to help clients to improve or maintain their health. In some instances, the client's needs are addressed directly through music; in others they are addressed through the relationships[3], art therapy Art therapy is a form of expressive therapy that uses art materials, such as paints, chalk and markers. Art therapy combines traditional psychotherapeutic theories and techniques with an understanding of the psychological aspects of the creative process, especially the affective properties of the different art materials or drama therapy Dramatherapy is the use of theatre techniques to facilitate personal growth and promote health. Dramatherapy is used in a wide variety of settings, including hospitals, schools, mental health centers, prisons, and businesses. Dramatherapy exists in many forms and can be applicable to individuals, couples, families, and various groups.

Lifestyle adjustments and supportive measures are often used, including peer support Peer support occurs when people provide emotional or practical help to each other. It commonly refers to a support initiative, normally within a school or university, to help pupils deal with issues such as bullying, stress, or other problems that they may come across while at school. This form of peer support normally consists of trained, self-help The term self-help refers to self-guided improvement—economically, intellectually, or emotionally—often with a substantial psychological basis and supported housing A house is generally a shelter or building or structure that is a dwelling or place for habitation by human beings. The term includes many kinds of dwellings ranging from rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes to high-rise apartment buildings. In some contexts, "house" may mean the same as dwelling, residence, home, abode, lodging, or employment Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. An employee may be defined as: "A person in the service of another under any contract of hire, express or implied, oral or written, where the employer has the power or right to control and direct the employee in the material details of how. Some advocate dietary supplements A dietary supplement, also known as food supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to provide nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, fatty acids or amino acids, that are missing or are not consumed in sufficient quantity in a person's diet. Some countries define dietary supplements as foods, while in others they are defined. Many things have been found to help at least some people. A placebo A placebo is a sham medical intervention intended to lead the recipient to believe that it may improve his/her condition. In one common placebo procedure, a patient is given an inert sugar pill, told that it may improve his/her condition, but not told that it is in fact inert. Such an intervention may cause the patient to believe the treatment effect may play a role.

Services

Main article: Services for mental disorders Services for mental disorders offer treatments, support or advocacy to people judged to have mental disorders

Often an individual may engage in different treatment modalities and use various mental health services. These may be under case management (sometimes referred to as "service coordination"), use inpatient or day treatment, utilize a psychosocial rehabilitation The Clubhouse Model of Psychosocial Rehabilitation is a comprehensive and dynamic program of treatment for people with severe and persistent mental illness.[vague] In contrast to traditional day-treatment models, clubhouse participants are called "members" and treatment focuses on their strengths and abilities, not their illness.[vague] program, and/or take part in an Assertive Community Treatment Assertive community treatment, or ACT, is a highly intensive and integrated approach for community mental health service delivery. ACT programs serve people whose symptoms of mental illness result in severe functional difficulties that interfere with their ability to achieve personally meaningful recovery goals in several major areas of life: program. Providing optimal treatments earlier in the course of a mental health disorder may prevent further relapses and ongoing disability and has lead to a new early intervention in psychosis Early intervention in psychosis is a clinical approach to those experiencing symptoms of psychosis for the first time. It is a new paradigm for psychiatry and has developed rapidly as an established clinical model within mental health services service approach for psychosis.

Mental health services may be based in hospitals, clinics or the community.

Some approaches are based on a recovery model The Recovery Model is an approach to mental disorder or substance dependence that emphasizes and supports each individual's potential for recovery. Recovery is seen within the model as a personal journey, that may involve developing hope, a secure base and sense of self, supportive relationships, empowerment, social inclusion, coping skills, and of mental disorder, and may focus on challenging stigma and social exclusion There are countries, Italy for example, that have a legal concept of social exclusion. In Italy "esclusione sociale" is defined as poverty combined to social alienation, by the statute n. 328 , that instituted a state investigation commission named "Commissione di indagine sull'Esclusione Sociale" (CIES) to make annual report and creating empowerment and hope[4]

In America, half of people with severe symptoms of a mental health condition were found to have received no treatment in the prior 12 months.[5]

Fear of disclosure, rejection by friends, and ultimately discrimination are a few reasons why people with mental health conditions often don't seek help.[citation needed]

List of treatments

References

  1. ^ Gazzaniga, M.S., & Heatherton, T.F. (2006). Psychological Science. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  2. ^ National Institute of Mental Health. (2006, January 31). Information about Mental Illness and the Brain. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://science-education.nih.gov/supplements/nih5/Mental/guide/info-mental-c.htm
  3. ^ Crawford, Mike J.; Talwar, Nakul, et al. (November 2006). "Music therapy for in-patients with schizophrenia: Exploratory randomised controlled trial". The British Journal of Psychiatry (2006) 189: 405–409. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015073. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/189/5/405.
  4. ^ Repper, J. & Perkins, R. (2006) Social Inclusion and Recovery: A Model for Mental Health Practice. Bailliere Tindall, UK. ISBN 0702026018
  5. ^ America's Mental Health Survey, National Mental Health Association, 2001.

See also

Categories: Psychiatry | Psychology | Mental health

 

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